Stephen F. Teiser, The Ghost Festival in Medieval China, Princeton University Press, 1988, pp. 58-62.
Dennis Grafflin, “Reinventing China: Pseudobureaucracy in the Early Southern Dynasties” , in Albert E.Dien,eds., State and Society in Early Medieval China, Stanford University Press, 1990, pp. 49-72.
Patricia Ebrey, “Tang Guide to Verbal Etiquette” , HJAS,Vol. 45, No. 2(1985), pp. 581-613.